2022

rozdział w monografii naukowej

niemiecki

EN The development of medieval castles in Europe had various causes. Among other things, it was connected with social, economic and legal-structural changes that took place in the east-central of the continent in the 12th and 13th centuries. The fundamental consequence of these changes was the emergence of feudal society and the development of feudal relationships based on landlordism. From the second half of the 12th century and in the 13th century, there was a fundamental change in settlement structures, which main element were the towns that were founded and governed according to German law. The position of the early medieval settlement complexes with large strongholds (castellanies) and rural open settlements was now taken by the newly founded towns and villages. As last decades researches clearly show, castles played an important role in the development of the new settlement structures under the new legal system. Such complexes were built both within inhabited areas and in places previously covered with forest. Because of their form and function, these castles are referred to in literature as castles of the transitory (Czech: hrady přechodného typu; Polish: zamki typu przejściowego) or colonisation type (German: Rodungsburgen; Polish: zamki kolonizacyjne). These were usually fortifications, often linked to castles of motte-and-bailey type, and built from timber, earth and clay. The motte-type castles known from large parts of Europe, which are also referred to in German research literature as Turmhügel (Polish: grodziska stożkowate), and are primarily referred to as small-noble castles. The absolute majority of Silesian mottes can also be associated with this social group. We also know some objects, which were built by citizens (especially in the area of Wrocław) and village mayors (Schulzen). Of the more than 430 known facilities in Silesia, only about 10% (40 castles) were founded by the Silesian rulers, the dukes and Wroclaw bishops.

349 - 378

https://www.anticariat.net/coperti_full/346382/evul-mediu-neterminat-omagiu-adus-profesorului-adrian-andrei-rusu-ocazia.pdf

The Unfinisched Middle Ages. Studies in honour of Professor Adrian Rusu on his 70th birthday

5

5